Diseases that matter
- Newcastle disease: a viral disease that can kill an entire unvaccinated flock. Endemic in the region and the main cause of losses in village flocks. Notifiable in Botswana.
- Gumboro (infectious bursal disease): a viral disease of young chickens that damages the immune system. Vaccinated against in commercial broilers.
- Fowl pox: a slow-spreading viral disease causing scabs on the comb and wattles; vaccine is available.
- Coccidiosis: a parasite of the gut, common in wet litter; controlled by dry litter and, where used, coccidiostat in feed.
- Avian influenza (bird flu): outbreaks in South Africa have repeatedly triggered import bans in Botswana. Any sudden high mortality must be reported to the District Veterinary Office immediately.
Vaccination
Follow the vaccination schedule supplied by your hatchery or your District Veterinary Office. Schedules differ between broilers and layers and between suppliers, so do not copy one from the internet. Vaccines must be kept cold until use and given exactly as instructed; a warm or expired vaccine gives no protection.
For village flocks, the Department of Veterinary Services and extension officers can advise on Newcastle disease vaccination programmes suited to free-range birds.
Biosecurity
Most disease arrives on feet, tyres, equipment and wild birds. Keep a footbath at the door, restrict visitors, do not share equipment between farms, keep wild birds out of the house, and buy chicks only from reputable hatcheries. Remove dead birds daily and dispose of them by burning or deep burial.
When to call the vet
Sudden deaths, birds unable to stand, twisted necks, green diarrhoea, swollen heads, or a sharp drop in feed and water intake. Contact your District Veterinary Office. Early reporting protects your flock and your neighbours’ flocks.